Definition:


 Congestive cardiac failure, or heart failure, occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to inadequate circulation and fluid retention. The heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and other tissues. This results in congestion and various symptoms. Heart failure can affect either the left side, right side, or both sides of the heart.

 Causes:

 Hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, and other factors.

 Symptoms:

 • Symptoms of congestive heart failure can include:

 • Shortness of breath, especially during exertion or when lying down. 

 • Persistent coughing or wheezing. 

 • Fatigue and weakness.

 • Swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen. 

 • Rapid or irregular heartbeat.

 Diagnostic Tests: 

 • Diagnosis is often based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests (such as echocardiography), blood tests, and sometimes cardiac catheterization. 

 Treatment:

 • Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, improve the quality of life, and slow the progression of the disease

. • Medications may include diuretics to reduce fluid buildup, ACE inhibitors or ARBs to dilate blood vessels, beta-blockers to improve heart function, and other drugs based on the specific needs of the individual. 

 • Lifestyle modifications, including a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, and sodium restriction, are important components of management. 

 • In advanced cases, devices such as pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) may be recommended. 

 • Heart transplantation may be considered for individuals with severe heart failure that is not responding to other treatments.