Definition:

 Peptic ulcers are sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus.

Cause:

 • The primary cause of peptic ulcers is the infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. Other factors that can contribute include long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen and excessive stomach acid production.

Symptoms:

• Common symptoms of peptic ulcers and duodenal ulcers include:

1. Burning stomach pain.

2. Heartburn.

3. Bloating.

4. Nausea and vomiting.

5. Belching.

6. Dark or bloody stools (indicating bleeding).

Diagnosis:

• Diagnosis may involve a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy which allows the doctor to visualize the ulcer and take tissue samples for testing.

• Tests for H. pylori infection, such as a breath test or blood test, may also be conducted.

Treatment:

 • Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, promote healing of the ulcer, and prevent recurrence. The approach may include:

1. Antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori infection.

2. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers to reduce stomach acid production.

3. Antacids to neutralize stomach acid.

4. Avoidance of NSAIDs, if possible.

5. Lifestyle modifications, such as quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake.