Definition: 

 Intestinal obstruction is a condition in which the normal flow of contents through the intestines is blocked. The blockage can occur in the small intestine (small bowel obstruction) or the large intestine (colonic obstruction). Intestinal obstruction can be partial or complete and may result from various underlying causes.  

Causes: 

 • Adhesions: Bands of fibrous tissue that can form after abdominal surgery.  

• Hernias: Protrusions of tissue through a weak spot in the abdominal wall.  

• Tumers: Growths that can block the intestinal lumen.  

• Twisting (Volvolus): The twisting of the intestine on itself.  

• Impacted Stool: Severe constipation or the presence of a large, hard stool.  

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Conditions like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis can cause inflammation and obstruction.  

Symptoms:  

• Abdominal Pain: Crampy abdominal pain that comes and goes.  

• Vomiting: Often severe and may be fecal-smelling if the obstruction is in the lower intestine.  

• Abdominal Distention: Swelling or bloating of the abdomen.  

• Constipation: Inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement.  

Diagnosis: 

 • Medical History and Physical Examination: 

                                                                   Healthcare providers will assess symptoms, medical history, and perform a physical examination.  

• Imaging Studies: 

                         X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, or ultrasound may be used to visualize the location and cause of the obstruction.  

Treatment: 

 • Nonsurgical Management: 

                                             In some cases, a partial obstruction may be managed conservatively with bowel rest, intravenous (IV) fluids, and monitoring. However, complete obstructions often require surgery.  

• Surgery (Exploratory Laparotomy or Laparoscopy): 

                                                                                    The goal of surgery is to remove the blockage, repair any damaged tissue, and address the underlying cause.  

Complications: 

 • If left untreated, intestinal obstruction can lead to bowel ischemia (lack of blood supply to the bowel), perforation, and peritonitis (inflammation of the abdominal cavity).